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Open Access  Full Text Article                                                                                                                                                      Review Article

Khajur (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Medicinal importance in perspective of Unani medicine and pharmacological studies

Barjees Jalal ¹, Shugufta Hamid ², Mahboob Alam ²*, Nasir Nazir Wani ¹ & Khalid Rahim Wani ³ 

1. M.D. Scholar, Department of Ilmul-advia (Pharmacology), Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

2. M.D. Scholar, Department of Moalajat (Medicine), Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

3. Assistant Professor, Department of Ilaj bit Tadbeer (Regimenal Therapy), Kashmir Tibbia College Hospital and Research Centre, Shilvath, Bandipora, Kashmir, India.

 

 

INTRODUCTION: 

Date, also known as Phoenix dactylifera (PD) is a flowering plant that is farmed primarily for its fruit. It is a member of palm family-Arecaceae. Having its origination from Mesopotamia, it has become a staple food for the people in the Middle East and North Africa. Furthermore, it is currently eaten as food in many regions of the world, particularly in Europe. In Islam, it is customary to break the fast with date fruit first during Ramadan. Dates hold religious significance for Muslims worldwide, as they are frequently referenced in the sacred Qur’an. Because of its high dietary value, large harvests and lengthy lifespan, the date palm is referred to as the "tree of life."^1,2,3,4,5

It contains glucose, fructose and sucrose which makes it naturally sweet. Dates provide cholesterol free fat, vitamins (A, B, C, E, & K) along with minerals (such as selenium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and iron) fibre etc. In addition to being a rich source of energy, date fruit contains a variety of antioxidants such as polyphenols (p-coumaric, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, procyanidins etc.), carotenoids, flavonoids and ascorbic acid. ^{3, 6, 7, 8}

Additionally, research revealed that at various stages of maturation, palm date fruits contain thirteen flavonoid glycosides, including luteolin, quercetin and apigenin. ^9,10 Moreover, dates contain anthocyanins, tannins, procyanidins, sterols, isoflavones and other beneficial compounds. They can be utilized as functional foods to treat various infections and oxidative stress-related diseases.¹

Numerous pharmacological benefits are contained in date fruits like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, antidiarrheal, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective etc. They are used to treat infertility, improve the quality and fertility of oocytes, paralysis, treat respiratory conditions, urinary problems, constipation, impotence, fever, infections etc.¹¹

Various types of dates are found worldwide mainly Khodry, Khalas, Ruthana, Sukkary, Sefri, Segae, Ajwa, Hilali and Munifi and each type of dates has shown medicinal value in various type of disease prevention. Dates and their constituents show a role in disease prevention through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activity.

Ajwa, types of dates that is only cultivated in Saudi Arabia/Al-Madinah Al-Munawara has significant value in several types of diseases and also show protective role in hepatic toxicity.¹²

This review article highlights the nutritional composition and therapeutic uses of date fruit, as mentioned in classical Unani texts and proved by various pharmacological evidences.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: 

All materials available on printed, electronic and online were used to prepare this review. For its description, identification, temperament, pharmacological investigations, actions, therapeutic uses etc. both Modern, Unani books were consulted and published articles and research papers were searched from PubMed, Google scholar, Science direct, Scopus etc. The detail about the plant and its parts were searched by the key words; dates, Phoenix dactylifera, Arecaceae/Palmae, nutritional value, therapeutic uses, etc.

The detail of various aspect of the plant is as follow:

Distribution: The plant is native to North Africa, Egypt, Syria and Arabia. It is also cultivated in Spain, Italy, Greece and W. Asia. In India, it is found in Punjab (chiefly in Multan district), Sind, Rajasthan, Bengal and Gujrat.^{13, 14, 15, 16}

Botanical description: Being a dioecious plant, date palms have staminate (male) and pistillate (female) blooms that occur on two distinct palms. It is a tall tree attaining a height of 30-36m. The trunk is covered with the persistent bases of petioles and the foot is often surrounded by a dense mass of root suckers. Leaves are grey and long, pinnae 20-40 cm long and regularly distichous. Petiole is grey in color, laterally compressed and almost flat. Male panicles are white, compact with the length of 15-23 cm on short peduncle, flowers are 6-8mm long, sweet -scented with sheaths on outer side. Peduncles of female’s inflorescence are 8-13 mm broad and spikes are 30-60 cm long. Fruit is oblong, 2.5 -7.5 cm long. These are generally reddish or yellowish brown when ripe, pulp is fleshy and sweet in taste. Seed is cylindrical in shape.^{12, 15, 17}

 

 

       

Figure 1:   Date fruit                                                                    Figure 2: Date fruit

 

 

TABLE 1:  TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION: ¹⁸

Description in Unani literature: The plant of Khajur (PD) is 40 feet in height. Branches are soft and are composed of fibres, the length of which varies between 2 to 6 feet. It consists of fasciculate fibrous root system with primary roots having the length of around 4m which may range to 10m in light soils. Date fruit is berry-like which comprises of membranous endocarp around the seed. The fruits of date tree are initially green with the length of one inch which turn reddish yellow on maturity. The fruit pulp is edible and sweet in taste. A special type of glue comes out of date tree which is delicate in nature. ^{12, 13}

 

 

 

 

Development of date fruit: According to Arabs, date fruit develops in seven stages.

TABLE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF DATE FRUIT: ^{17, 19, 20, 21} 

 

 

Mutaradifat (Vernacular names): Khajur belongs to family Palmae/Arecaceae. The plant has different vernacular names in Unani Medicine which are mentioned below:^{14, 15, 21}

Arabic: Tamr, Busr, Balah, Nakhl/Nakhleh

Bengali: Sohara

Chinese: Hai zao, Ye zao

English: Date palm

French: Palmier Dattier

German: Dattelpalme

Greek: Phoinix

Gujrati: Kharek, Kharika

Hindi: Khajur, Chuhara, Chohara

Italian: Dattero, Palma

Kannada: Karinchula, Khajura

Kashmiri: Khazir

Malayalam: Bunga Raya

Marathi: Kharika, Kharik, Khajur

Persian: Khurma

Punjabi: Khajur

Portuguese: Palmeira, Tamareira

Rumanian: Curmal

Russian: Phinikovoe, Dyerevo

Sanskrit: Pind Kharjura, Kharjura

Spanish: Datilera, Palma datilera, Palmera

Swedish: Palmtrae

Tamil/Siddha: Perichchankay, Ita

Telugu: Gajjuramu, Ita, kharjuramu

Turkish: Karmah

Urdu: Khurma, Khajoor, Chuarrah

Ajza-i-Musta’mala (Parts used): Fruit/pulp, seed and gum.¹⁴

Mizaj (Temperament):

Fruit: Hot in 2^nd degree and dry in 1^st degree. According to some Unani scholars, the temperament is cold and wet while others have the opinion that the fruit is Mu‘tadil and inclined towards hot temperament.¹³

Flower: Cold and Dry in 2^nd degree.¹³

Miqdar Khurak (Dose): Fresh fruit: 10-15g, dried fruit: 10-15g ¹⁴ 5-7 no^{5, 13} 7 as per the need & strength.²²

Af’al (Action):

TABLE 3: ACTIONS (Af’āl) OF DATE FRUIT ^{5, 14, 15, 16,21, 23}

 

TABLE 4: PARTS OF DATE FRUIT USED WITH THEIR ACTIONS: ^{15, 21}

                                                                                   

Iste’malat (therapeutic uses):  

TABLE 5: THERAPEUTIC USES OF DATE FRUIT: ^{10, 15}

 

 

Tarkib-i-Iste’mal (Method of administration)

Amrāḍ -i-Ras-o-A’sab wa Dimagh (Diseases of Head, Nerve and Brain)

Amrad-i-Ri’a (Diseases of lung):

• Date fruit is beneficial in Balḡhami and Barid Marḍ. ^{6, 17, 8}
• They are very useful in asthma, bronchitis, cough, catarrh. Dhāt al-Janb and Dhāt al-Riyā (Pleurisy and pneumonia) ^{15, 21}

Amrad-i-Hadm (Diseases of gut)

• Ḍu’f-i-Meda (Stomach weakness): Date fruit is useful in Ḍu’f-i-Meda as it is considered as tonic.
• Ishāl (Diarrhoea): Dates help to cure diarrhoea. Joshanda-i-Khurma helps to treat diarrhoea particularly in children.^{15, 24}
• Bawāsīr Dāmiya (Bleeding piles): Use of date fruit with Sharab-i-Afis is useful in bleeding piles. ²² 

Amrāḍ-i-Nizam-i-Bawl (Diseases of urinary system)

Awarām and Qurūh (Swellings and wounds): When topically used, the ash from Khurma is beneficial for tissue epithelization and the healing of severe ulcers. Putrefied ulcers can be healed by local use of Khurma mixed with charbi.^{12, 17}

Amrad-i-Mardāna (Male sexual diseases)

Amrad-i-Niswān (Gynaecological diseases) 

Miscellaneous:

• Waja’ al-Mafāsil (Joint pain): Ḍimad of Khurma strengthens the loose joints. ^{12, 17}
• Headaches, hemicrania and opacity of cornea: A paste of seeds triturated with water is applied over eyelids for opacity of cornea, relieves headaches and hemicrania.¹⁶
• Alcohol intoxication: Water in which fresh dates are steeped for a while is a drink given to relieve alcohol intoxication.¹⁶
• Fevers and smallpox: Milk infused with fresh dates is a nourishing and restorative drink especially during convalescence from fevers and smallpox. ¹⁵ 
• Haemopoietic activity: Date fruit possess hemopoietic activity. It has high nutritive value and acts as tonic when taken with milk. ^{12, 17, 19}

Mazarrat (Toxicity, side effect and adverse effect): For persons having hot temperament, headache, stomatitis, conjunctivitis, cough, renal stone, harmful for teeth, liver and spleen, putrefies humors and are heavy and late to digest. ^{13, 17, 18, 21}

Musleh (Correctives): Aab-i-Anar, Sikanjbeen, Rogan-i-Khashkhaash, Badam, Honey, Sugar, Kahu.^{22, 13, 17}

Badal (Substitutes): Maweeẓ Munaqqa, Kishmish ^{13, 22}

Compound formulations:  Majūn Arid Khurma ⁵

 

 

TABLE 6: COMPOUND FORMULATION INCLUDING INGREDIENTS, DOSE, METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION, ACTION AND USES. ^{5, 25}

 

 

 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: 

Carbohydrates, glucose, fructose, sucrose, protein, fibre. It is also rich in vitamin A, B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, C, E and K along with minerals like calcium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc, sulphur, chlorine etc. Carotenoids, beta-carotene, polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavons, lignans, tannins, sterols, phytoestrogen, ascorbic acid, methanol extract, anchocyanins etc. also form a part of chemical constituents of date fruit.^{3, 6, 26}

 

 

TABLE 7: CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF DATE FRUIT ²⁷

 

 

PHARMALOGICAL STUDIES:

Effect on CNS: Methanolic extract of date fruit significantly reduces serotonergic and dopaminergic transmission while increasing cholinergic transmission in Swiss albino rats exhibiting notable anxiolytic, analgesic, and antipsychotic properties. ²⁷  

Effect on Renal system: In a rat model of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, an extract from the flesh and pits of P. dactylifera significantly reduced the levels of plasma creatinine and urea, which both produced and mitigated proximal tubular damage.^{3, 28, 29}

Effect on Respiratory system: In individuals suffering from allergic rhinitis, date fruit immunotherapy raised serum and nasal IL-10 levels.³⁰

Effect on male infertility: Dates have proven to be effective in addressing infertility. DPP (date palm pollen) extract has been demonstrated in an animal model study to contain cholesterol, carotenoids and estrone which is known to reveal gonadotrophin action in rats. DPP concentrations up to 120 mg/kg have been shown to have the best effects on sperm parameters and DPP suspension raises testosterone and estradiol levels in plasma. ^{24, 31} 

Effect on delivery and labor: Study results proved that women who consumed 76 g of date fruits starting in the 37th week of pregnancy before labor began to experience a shorter labor duration because dates significantly influenced cervical dilatation and decreased the time between induction and delivery. Date fruit contains both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids including oleic and linoleic acids which are vital for the synthesis of prostaglandins and are good source of energy as well. Uterine contractions during term are brought about by an increase in progesterone levels in later pregnancy. ^{31, 32, 33}

Antimicrobial activity: A phytochemical study found that P. dactylifera L. extract contains methanol and acetone which have antimicrobial activity. The extracts of P. dactylifera inhibit the growth of both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. Coli, E. fecalis, F. oxysporum, Fusarium sp., F.v solani, A. alternata, and Alternaria sp.^{3, 26, 29, 32, 34}

Haemopoietic activity: Increase in RBC, Hb, PCV, platelets and reticulocytes are indicative of hemopoietic activity in both aqueous and methanolic extracts of P. dactylifera L. fruit.²⁷

Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities: Date fruit has anti-inflammatory properties. A recent study on Ajwa dates revealed that the cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2 involved in lipid peroxidation are inhibited by ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous extracts of Ajwa dates. When animals are given a methanolic extract of date fruit, the phenolics and flavonoids present in the date plant have remarkable anti-inflammatory effect. They reduce foot swelling and plasma fibrinogen via modulating the expression of cytokines. Rats with ethanol-induced gastric ulcers showed improved ulcer index, histological indices such as necrosis, bleeding, congestion and edema in the stomach mucosa as well as biochemical levels of certain enzymes such as gastrin in plasma, histamine and mucin in the stomach mucosa were improved.^{27, 29}

Anti-diabetic activity: An experimental study showed that oral administration of date fruit extract improved body weight via decreased water intake and caused hypoglycaemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats probably by increasing the output of insulin and inhibit absorption of glucose and this property is attributed to the presence of various active compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, phenol and saponins etc. Another study showed that consumption of dates may be of benefit in glycemic and lipid control of diabetic patients. ^{10, 29} 

Anti-cancer activity: The presence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, in P. dactylifera L. is responsible for its anti-cancer action. Previous research has indicated that dates contain beta D-glucan which exhibits antitumor action. According to research using an animal model, glucans have an anticancer effect that is dosage dependent and reaches its peak in tumors at a dose of 1 mg/kg.^{3, 26, 29, 31} 

CONCLUSION: 

The present review reveals that there is the scope of Unani single drugs Khajur in management of paralysis, amnesia, bronchial asthma, anaemia, diarrhoea, leprosy, gonorrhoea, thirst, fatigue and acts as an efficient hormonal regulator. It can also be utilized as a potent conventional traditional Unani drug due to its diverse pharmacological activity and suggest that further phytochemical, clinical and advance research should be done on this medicinal plant for the benefit of human race.

ACKNOWLWDGEMENT: I am also thankful to my librarian for providing best possible facilities to carry out present review work in RRIUM Srinagar, University of Kashmir.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare no any conflict of interest.

FUNDING SOURCE: Not necessary for this manuscript

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION: 

Study Design: Barjes jalal, Shugufta Hamid Mahboob Alam, Nasir Nazir Wani & Khalid Rahim Wani

Data Collection: Barjes jalal, Shugufta Hamid Mahboob Alam, Nasir Nazir Wani & Khalid Rahim Wani

Drafting of Manuscript: Barjes jalal, Shugufta Hamid Mahboob Alam, Nasir Nazir Wani & Khalid Rahim Wani

Critical Revision: Barjes jalal, Shugufta Hamid Mahboob Alam, Nasir Nazir Wani & Khalid Rahim Wani

ABBREVIATION:  

CNS (central nervous system), PD (Phoenix dactylifera), RBC (Red blood cells), Hb (Haemoglobin), PCV (Packed cell volume)

Availability of Data: All materials available on printed, electronic, and online were used to prepare this review. Both Modern, Unani books were consulted and published articles and research papers were searched from PubMed, Google scholar, Science direct, Scopus etc.

Ethical Approval: Not necessary for this manuscript

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