Oral habits and oral health findings in children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: a community-based report

Abstract

Objective: To describe oral habits and associated oral health findings among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability in a community-based setting.

Methods: This short communication reports observations from a community service program conducted at a special needs school in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Fifteen children underwent intraoral examination and caregiver interviews. Oral habits assessed included dietary patterns, chewing behavior, toothbrushing practices, and dental visit history.

Results: Unfavorable oral habits were commonly observed, including late-night eating, frequent intake of cariogenic foods, and inconsistent toothbrushing practices. Although most children brushed their teeth at least twice daily, improper timing and lack of supervision were noted. Chewing abnormalities such as food pocketing and reduced chewing behavior were identified. Dental caries were more frequently observed in children with mixed dentition, while plaque accumulation and calculus were common in those with permanent dentition.

Conclusion: Observed oral habits may contribute to poor oral health conditions in children with special needs. Caregiver involvement and structured oral hygiene routines are essential to improve oral health outcomes.

Keywords: Oral habits, Autism, Intellectual disability, Oral hygiene, Community-based